This article originally appeared in the July/Aug 2006 #182 issue of the Fouling Shot and was written by Paul Brasky Kingston, NY
Brief History and Variants
The SKS or more properly the 7.62 Simonov System Self-Loading Carbine, Model 1945, was designed by Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov, a Senior Master Gunsmith whose specialty was semi-automatic weapons using the 7.62x39mm (M43) cartridge. In the Soviet Union, the AK-47 replaced the SKS as the primary military arm in the 1950’s, but Russia continued to produce the latter for export until the late 1960’s. Some of the major differences between SKS 45 variants are summarized below:
Albania - Produced approximately 17,000 rifles between the1960’s and 1979 at the Umgramsh Arsenal. However, as many as 2/3 were destroyed or given away. These differed from the Model 1945 in that milled steel components were used. The stock was lengthened as was the hand guard, which is also distinguished by three vents on the bottom. Other differences include an AK-47 style bolt knob, a butt plate with two "doors,” a rear sling swivel located on the left side of the stock rather than the bottom, a different magazine profile as well as a spike bayonet.
China - The Type 56 SKS was developed in the mid-1950’s and manufactured on Soviet-supplied equipment in China until 1971. Those with serial numbers of 9,000,000 and higher had spike bayonets; lower serial numbered rifles have blade bayonets. Barrels are pinned rather than threaded.
Romania - Produced between 1956 and 1962 in Cugir, Romania and distinguished by shallow cut-outs on the hand guard and a blade bayonet.
Yugoslavia - The SKS M 59 and 66A1 was manufactured by the Zastava Ordnance/Red Banner Works between 1967 and 1970. The M 59 and M 59/66 were clones of the Type 45. Most had beech wood stocks, but those exported to Africa had teakwood stocks. Nevertheless, there were significant differences between the Yugoslav products and those made in the Soviet Union. To wit, the former didn’t have chrome-lined barrels as there was no chromium in Yugoslavia and it was difficult to obtain from Russia given the political differences between the two nations. The M 59’s and 66’s also had stronger, heavier actions since Yugoslavian M43 ammunition was loaded to a higher pressure than its Soviet counterpart. In addition, the A1 was fitted with tritium sights, both front and rear. Lastly, Yugoslavian made rifles have a gas cut-off valve at the front of the gas tube, whereas other SKS variants do not.
Ballistics and the 7.62x39mm - (M43) Cartridge There is some debate as to what the 7.62x39mm cartridge is capable of. Can it be safely loaded to equal the ballistics of the venerable .30-30 Win. for example? Let’s look at what various reloading manuals have to say about this controversy. The fourth edition of Hornady’s "Handbook of Cartridge Reloading, Vol. 1 (1996)” states, "In factory or military form, it offers a 123 gr. FMJ bullet at 2,300fps. Reloaders can easily equal this, but it is difficult to substantially surpass due to limited powder
capacity.” (p. 379) Hodgdon’s "Data Manual #26 (1993)” says substantially the same thing (p. 383). The late Frank C. Barnes in Cartridges of the World 7th Edition,” added somewhat confusingly, "…the M43 can be loaded to nearly duplicate the .30-30 with most bullet weights up to about 150 grains. However this is only possible in a strong single shot or bolt-action rifle. Semiauto (sic) rifles must stick to the original ballistics, which are marginal at best for deer-size animals.” (p. 272, italics mine) To reiterate Barnes’ statement, the SKS wasn’t
designed to handle the pressure of the .30-30 Win. For safety’s sake, don’t even think about making yours into something it’s not!
Reloading - Reloading for the 7.62x39mm is straightforward and full-length resizing dies are available from all of the major manufacturers as are shell holders (#6, Hornady; #12,
Lee; #3 Lyman; #12 Redding and #32, RCBS). Be advised that FL die sets come with two expander balls, one for .308” bullets and one for .311” bullets. If you’re loading cast bullets, use the .311” expander. You’ll also need some means of flaring the case mouth so those cast bullets can be seated without shaving lead, which isn’t conducive to accuracy. The Lyman M-die, specifically M 1 C 91, works perfectly and won’t overwork your case mouths when properly adjusted.
Cast Bullets and the SKS
A personal example may help illustrate the above. I purchased my Type 56 around the time C.E. Harris developed and published his cast bullet design for the SKS in the pages of "The American Rifleman.” Lee Precision, Lyman, and LBT later produced it. After slugging my bore and studying the published dimensions of the Lee and Lyman molds (.312”), I knew that neither would fit my rifle. Somewhat reluctantly (because of the price, not the quality or service) I sent those slugs to Veral Smith/Lead Bullets Technology so that he could cut a mold whose bullets would fit my SKS. In brief, they do (sized to .314”) and shoot into 2 minutes of angle from an "as issued” Type 56 purchased new.
Which cast bullets are appropriate for the SKS? So long as you achieve a proper fit in both bore and throat, many cast bullet designs will suffice if not excel. Don’t overlook the following molds: Lee’s C.E. Harris-designed C312-155-2R or CTL312-160-2R (tumble lube) or Lyman‘s #311410. Also, if you have Lyman #311291 or #311041 and if they cast large enough, try them by all means. If you don’t mind single loading (because the OAL exceeds the length of the magazine), Lyman #314299 will give 3 to 4 minutes of angle accuracy. Lastly, even the very old Lyman #321232, a plain-base, flat-nosed, tapered Loverin (tapers from .319” on forward band to .322” at the rear), which was made for an entirely different rifle (.32-40), shoots surprising well from the SKS because it can be sized to fit the rifle.
Making sure the rifle is unloaded, I remove the bolt cover, spring and bolt assembly every time I fire my SKS, not because such maintenance is required, but so that I can clean the barrel from the breech rather than the muzzle. I also check the gas piston for lead, which will be deposited on its face. While you may not be able to entirely prevent lead deposition, you can make any accumulation easier remove by coating the piston rod, especially its face, with white lithium grease. Clean and regrease the bolt assembly and put things back together in reverse order and you’re ready for another session. Cycle the action manually to make sure all is correct.
One of the myths surrounding cast bullets is that they can’t be used successfully in semi-automatic rifles because they are inaccurate, will leave lead in the bore or will render the gas operating system inoperative because of lead fouling there. While it’s true that you must not exceed the port pressure for a gas-operated semi-automatic rifle with jacketed or cast bullets, that doesn’t mean you can’t obtain excellent results with the latter. Certainly one of the main determinants of cast bullet accuracy is how well the bullet fits the bore and throat
of the rifle. (Barrel quality and condition are also important.) Bullet fit is at least as important as bullet design (shape), perhaps more so, since poorly fitted bullets are notoriously inaccurate. On the other hand, properly fitted [cast] bullets are likely to be accurate ones. These principles apply single shot, bolt-action as well as gas-operated rifles and carbines, including the SKS.
When you consider that the SKS was produced by at least five nations over a period of thirty-four years, variations in bore dimensions will come as no surprise. Therefore, before you purchase a particular bullet mold hoping that it will fit your SKS, slug your bore, breech and muzzle (i.e., two slugs). Both should measure about the same, with a slightly larger breech slug being ideal. This will tell you the minimum dimension a cast bullet must be to fit the bore. Generally the cast bullet is sized from .001” to .003” larger than that minimum. Once you’ve done this, you’ll be in a better position to determine which mold and/or bullet design will fit your rifle (carbine). Unfortunately there aren’t a plethora of mold choices available, which, to view it in a more positive light, eases the burden of choosing the "right” mold. However, the SKS tolerates a wide variety of cast bullet designs and weights, so long as they fit the bore and throat and can be loaded so that they can feed from the magazine. On the other hand, very long cast bullets and overall lengths necessitate single loading: Simply place them in the follower and release the bolt.
When you consider that the SKS was produced by at least five nations over a period of thirty-four years, variations in bore dimensions will come as no surprise. Therefore, before you purchase a particular bullet mold hoping that it will fit your SKS, slug your bore, breech and muzzle (i.e., two slugs). Both should measure about the same, with a slightly larger breech slug being ideal. This will tell you the minimum dimension a cast bullet must be to fit the bore. Generally the cast bullet is sized from .001” to .003” larger than that minimum. Once you’ve done this, you’ll be in a better position to determine which mold and/or bullet design will fit your rifle (carbine). Unfortunately there aren’t a plethora of mold choices available, which, to view it in a more positive light, eases the burden of choosing the "right” mold. However, the SKS tolerates a wide variety of cast bullet designs and weights, so long as they fit the bore and throat and can be loaded so that they can feed from the magazine. On the other hand, very long cast bullets and overall lengths necessitate single loading: Simply place them in the follower and release the bolt.
A personal example may help illustrate the above. I purchased my Type 56 around the time C.E. Harris developed and published his cast bullet design for the SKS in the pages of "The American Rifleman.” Lee Precision, Lyman, and LBT later produced it. After slugging my bore and studying the published dimensions of the Lee and Lyman molds (.312”), I knew that neither would fit my rifle. Somewhat reluctantly (because of the price, not the quality or service) I sent those slugs to Veral Smith/Lead Bullets Technology so that he could cut a mold whose bullets would fit my SKS. In brief, they do (sized to .314”) and shoot into 2 minutes of angle from an "as issued” Type 56 purchased new.
Which cast bullets are appropriate for the SKS? So long as you achieve a proper fit in both bore and throat, many cast bullet designs will suffice if not excel. Don’t overlook the following molds: Lee’s C.E. Harris-designed C312-155-2R or CTL312-160-2R (tumble lube) or Lyman‘s #311410. Also, if you have Lyman #311291 or #311041 and if they cast large enough, try them by all means. If you don’t mind single loading (because the OAL exceeds the length of the magazine), Lyman #314299 will give 3 to 4 minutes of angle accuracy. Lastly, even the very old Lyman #321232, a plain-base, flat-nosed, tapered Loverin (tapers from .319” on forward band to .322” at the rear), which was made for an entirely different rifle (.32-40), shoots surprising well from the SKS because it can be sized to fit the rifle.
Maintenance
Making sure the rifle is unloaded, I remove the bolt cover, spring and bolt assembly every time I fire my SKS, not because such maintenance is required, but so that I can clean the barrel from the breech rather than the muzzle. I also check the gas piston for lead, which will be deposited on its face. While you may not be able to entirely prevent lead deposition, you can make any accumulation easier remove by coating the piston rod, especially its face, with white lithium grease. Clean and regrease the bolt assembly and put things back together in reverse order and you’re ready for another session. Cycle the action manually to make sure all is correct.
Powders
Consult several reloading manuals for appropriate powders and powder charges. Lyman’s "Reloading Handbook, 48th Edition” (2002) is recommended because of the variety of cast bullet loading combinations it contains. Having written this, I must confess to having tried only a few powders, mostly because I was rewarded with immediate success when using them. I must also say that I use my SKS strictly for informal target shooting so I have no need for high pressure/high velocity loads. With the C.E. Harris-designed, but LBT produced, bullet mold (145 gr. gas check bullet) I’ve basically used only two powders, namely Alliant 2400 and military surplus WC 820 (burning rate similar to Accurate Arms #9, but different lots may be faster or slower than AA #9). In either instance, 14 gr. gives excellent accuracy, reasonably clean burning and reliable ejection. Velocity hovers around 1,550 fps. incidentally, Alliant 2400 burns much cleaner in rifles than it does in revolvers and no crimp is needed either.
Chronograph Data
I used my Shooting Chrony Model F-1 to test the LBT 145 gr. bullet as well as the venerable Lyman #321232 (175 gr.). The load was 14 gr. WC 820 in once-fired Winchester brass atop Winchester Large Rifle primers. Ambient temperature was 25 degrees [Fahrenheit] and the chronograph was 15 feet from the muzzle. Velocity Std. Dev. E. S. LBT Bullet, OAL = 2.125” 1,514fps 40fps 137fps #321232, OAL = 2.19” 1,473fps 29fps 107fps Note: Seating #321232 to 2.10" will boost velocity by 50 - 60fps.
Conclusion
The SKS is a robust, fast-handling rifle, which can shoot cast bullets to a high degree of accuracy if the owner takes the time to assess its requirements. Happily, hose are few and easily mastered. Primary among them is fitting the cast bullet to its throat and bore and not trying to turn it into a "short magnum” variant of the .30-30Win. Keeping an eye on the gas piston and removing any lead deposits that accumulate there and in the barrel will go along way to insure that your SKS remains trouble-free and a joy to shoot.
REFERENCES
Frank C. Barnes, Cartridges of the World, 7th Edition.
Edited by Mike Bussard. DBI Books, 1993.
Hodgdon Data Manual No. 26, Tom Shepherd, Editor.
Hodgdon Powder Company, 1993.
Hornady Handbook of Cartridge Reloading, Vol. 1, Todd
Georgi, Editor. Hornady Manufacturing Company, Inc.,
1996.
Michael E. Kreka, "7.62 Simonov Self-Loading Carbine,
Model 1945” at Jamie Mangrum’s site, (no longer online)
